Assessment of humaneelephant conflicts in multifunctional landscapes of Taita Taveta County, Kenya

Abstract

People and wildlife have co-occurred, sharing resources for thousands of years, however, over the last four decades records of humanewildlife conflict have increasingly emerged. Humaneelephant conflict is a form of such conflict, resulting from negative interactions between people and elephants. Humaneelephant conflict affects local community liveli- hood and the success of elephant conservation. Tsavo East and Tsavo West National Parks,which cover about 60% of the Taita Taveta County land area, host the single largest elephant population in Kenya. We analysed humaneelephant conflict incident data over 15 years (2004e2018) in Taita Taveta County, which forms part of the Tsavo ecosystem in south-eastern Kenya. We identified eight forms of humaneelephant conflict comprising elephant threat, crop raiding, property damage, injury to people, human death, elephant death, elephant injury, and livestock death. Three forms of conflict accounted for 97% of the reported incidents, namely elephant threat to humans, constituting the highest number of incidents (62.46%), followed by crop raiding (32.46%) and property damage (2.33%). Conflicts occurred throughout the year, with June to July having the highest number of incidents. Rainfall, distance from the Tsavo national parks, and human popu- lation density were used as covariates to explain HEC patterns. This study seeks to providea detailed evaluation of the spatialetemporal patterns of humaneelephant conflict in TaitaTaveta County and to yield information useful for humaneelephant conflict mitigation andelephant conservation